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File Name : UPGRADE

Notes on upgrading from an older release
========================================

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.9.3:

Due to the addition of the CHROOT and CWD options, it is no
    longer possible to declare an alias with one of those names.
    If a sudoers file has an alias with one of those names, sudo
    and visudo will report a syntax error with a message like
    "syntax error: unexpected CHROOT, expecting ALIAS".

Starting with version 1.9.3, sudoers rules must end in either
    a newline or the end-of-file.  This makes it possible to provide
    better error messages.  Previously, it was possible to include
    multiple rules on a single line, separated by white space.

Starting with version 1.9.3, sudo will attempt to recover from
    a syntax error in the sudoers file by discarding the portion
    of the line that contains the error until the end of the line.
    To restore the historic behavior of refusing to run when a
    syntax error is encountered, add "error_recovery=false" as a
    plugin option in sudo.conf for the "sudoers_audit" plugin, (or
    "sudoers_policy" if there is no "sudoers_audit" plugin configured).

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.9.1:

Starting with version 1.9.1, sudoers plugin arguments in sudo.conf
    should be specified for the "sudoers_audit" plugin, not
    "sudoers_policy".  This is because the sudoers file is now
    opened and parsed by the "sudoers_audit" plugin.  Previously,
    this was done by the "sudoers_policy" plugin.  The use of an
    audit plugin makes it possible for the sudoers module to detect
    when a command has been rejected by an approval plugin and only
    log commands that are allowed by both policy and approval
    plugins.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.30:

Starting with version 1.8.30, sudo will no longer allow commands
    to be run as a user or group ID that is not in the password or
    group databases by default.  Previously, sudo would always allow
    unknown user or group IDs if the sudoers entry permitted it,
    including via the "ALL" alias.  The old behavior can be restored
    by setting the new "allow_unknown_runas_id" Defaults setting
    in the sudoers file.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.29:

Starting with version 1.8.29, if the umask is explicitly set
    in sudoers, that value is used regardless of the umask specified
    by PAM or login.conf.  However, if the umask is not explicitly
    set in sudoers, PAM or login.conf may now override the default
    sudoers umask.  Previously, the sudoers umask always overrode
    the umask set by PAM, which was not the documented behavior.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.28:

Starting with version 1.8.28, sudo stores the signal that caused
    a command to be suspended or resumed as a string in the I/O log
    timing file.  The version of sudoreplay included with sudo
    1.8.28 can process either type of I/O log file but older versions
    of sudoreplay are unable to replay the newer logs.

Starting with version 1.8.28, sudoedit honors the umask and
    umask_override settings in sudoers.  Previously, the user's
    umask was used as-is.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.26:

Starting with version 1.8.26, sudo no long sets the USERNAME
    environment variable when running commands. This is a non-standard
    environment variable that was set on some older Linux systems.
    Sudo still sets the LOGNAME, USER and, on AIX systems, LOGIN
    environment variables.

Handling of the LOGNAME, USER (and on AIX, LOGIN) environment
    variables has changed slightly in version 1.8.26.  Sudo now
    treats those variables as a single unit.  This means that if
    one variable is preserved or removed from the environment using
    env_keep, env_check or env_delete, the others are too.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.23:

In sudo 1.8.23 the "sudoers2ldif" script and the "visudo -x"
    functionality has been superseded by the "cvtsudoers" utility.
    The cvtsudoers utility is intended to be a drop-in replacement
    for "sudoers2ldif".  Because it uses the same parser as sudo
    and visudo, cvtsudoers can perform a more accurate conversion
    than sudoers2ldif could.

To convert a sudoers file to JSON, the format option must be
    specified.  For example, instead of:

visudo -f sudoers_file -x output_file

one would use:

cvtsudoers -f json -o output_file sudoers_file

Note that unlike "visudo -x", "cvtsudoers" reads from the
    standard input by default.  Also, the base DN may be specified
    on the command line, if desired, using the -b option.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.20:

Due to the addition of the TIMEOUT, NOTBEFORE and NOTAFTTER
    options, it is no longer possible to declare an alias with one
    of those names.  If a sudoers file has an alias with one of
    those names, sudo and visudo will report a syntax error with a
    message like "syntax error: unexpected TIMEOUT, expecting ALIAS".

Starting with version 1.9.3, sudoers rules must end in either
    Prior to version 1.8.20, when log_input, log_output or use_pty
    were enabled, if any of the standard input, output or error
    were not connected to a terminal, sudo would use a pipe.  The
    pipe allows sudo to interpose itself between the old standard
    input, output or error and log the contents.  Beginning with
    version 1.8.20, a pipe is only used when I/O logging is enabled.
    If use_pty is set without log_input or log_output, no pipe will
    be used.  Additionally, if log_input is set without log_output,
    a pipe is only used for the standard input.  Likewise, if
    log_output is set without log_input, a pipe is only used for
    the standard output and standard error.  This results in a
    noticeable change in behavior if the use_pty flag is set and no
    terminal is present when running commands such as scripts that
    execute other commands asynchronously (in the background).
    Previously, sudo would exit immediately, causing background
    commands to terminate with a broken pipe if they attempt to
    write to the standard output or standard error.  As of version
    1.8.20, a pipe will not be used in this case so the command
    will no longer be terminated.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.16:

When editing files with sudoedit, files in a directory that is
    writable by the invoking user may no longer be edited by default.
    Also, sudoedit will refuse to follow a symbolic link in the
    path to be edited if that directory containing the link is
    writable by the user.  This behavior can be disabled by negating
    the sudoedit_checkdir sudoers option, which is now enabled by
    default.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.15:

Prior to version 1.8.15, when env_reset was enabled (the default)
    and the -s option was not used, the SHELL environment variable
    was set to the shell of the invoking user.  In 1.8.15 and above,
    when env_reset is enabled and the -s option is not used, SHELL
    is set based on the target user.

When editing files with sudoedit, symbolic links will no longer
    be followed by default.  The old behavior can be restored by
    enabling the sudoedit_follow option in sudoers or on a per-command
    basis with the FOLLOW and NOFOLLOW tags.

Prior to version 1.8.15, groups listed in sudoers that were not
    found in the system group database were passed to the group
    plugin, if any.  Starting with 1.8.15, only groups of the form
    %:group are resolved via the group plugin by default.  The old
    behavior can be restored by using the always_query_group_plugin
    sudoers option.

Locking of the time stamp file has changed in sudo 1.8.15.
    Previously, the user's entire time stamp file was locked while
    retrieving and updating a time stamp record.  Now, only a single
    record, specific to the tty or parent process ID, is locked.
    This lock is held while the user enters their password.  If
    sudo is suspended at the password prompt (or run in the
    background), the lock is dropped until sudo is resumed, at which
    point it will be reacquired.  This allows sudo to be used in a
    pipeline even when a password is required--only one instance
    of sudo will prompt for a password.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.14:

On HP-UX, sudo will no longer check for "plugin.sl" if "plugin.so"
    is specified but does not exist.  This was a temporary hack for
    backward compatibility with Sudo 1.8.6 and below when the
    plugin path name was not listed in sudo.conf.  A plugin path
    name that explicitly ends in ".sl" will still work as expected.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.12:

On Solaris, sudo is now able to determine the NIS domain name.
    As a result, if you had previously been using netgroups that
    do not include the domain, you will need to either set the
    domain in the entry or leave the domain part of the tuple blank.

For example, the following will no longer work:
	my-hosts (foo,-,-) (bar,-,-) (baz,-,-)
    and should be changed to:
	my-hosts (foo,-,) (bar,-,) (baz,-,)

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.10:

The time stamp file format has changed in sudo 1.8.10.  There
    is now a single time stamp file for each user, even when tty-based
    time stamps are used.  Each time stamp file may contain multiple
    records to support tty-based time stamps as well as multiple
    authentication users.  On systems that support it, monotonic
    time is stored instead of wall clock time.  As a result, it is
    important that the time stamp files not persist when the system
    reboots.  For this reason, the default location for the time
    stamp files has changed back to a directory located in /var/run.
    Systems that do not have /var/run (e.g. AIX) or that do not clear
    it on boot (e.g. HP-UX) will need to clear the time stamp
    directory via a start up script.  Such a script is installed by
    default on AIX and HP-UX systems.

Because there is now a single time stamp file per user, the -K
    option will remove all of the user's time stamps, not just the
    time stamp for the current terminal.

Lecture status is now stored separately from the time stamps
    in a separate directory: /var/db/sudo/lectured, /var/lib/sudo/lectured
    or /var/adm/sudo/lectured depending on what is present on the
    system.

LDAP-based sudoers now uses a default search filter of
    (objectClass=sudoRole) for more efficient queries.  It is
    possible to disable the default search filter by specifying
    SUDOERS_SEARCH_FILTER in ldap.conf but omitting a value.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.7:

Sudo now stores its libexec files in a "sudo" sub-directory
    instead of in libexec itself.  For backward compatibility, if
    the plugin is not found in the default plugin directory, sudo
    will check the parent directory default directory ends in "/sudo".

The default sudo plugins now all use the .so extension, regardless
    of the extension used by system shared libraries.  For backward
    compatibility, sudo on HP-UX will also search for a plugin with
    an .sl extension if the .so version is not found.

Handling of users belonging to a large number of groups has
    changed.  Previously, sudo would only use the group list from
    the kernel unless the system_group plugin was enabled in sudoers.
    Now, sudo will query the groups database if the user belongs
    to the maximum number of groups supported by the kernel.  See
    the group_source and max_groups settings in the sudo.conf manual
    for details.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.2:

When matching Unix groups in the sudoers file, sudo will now
    match based on the name of the group as it appears in sudoers
    instead of the group-ID.  This can substantially reduce the
    number of group lookups for sudoers files that contain a large
    number of groups.  There are a few side effects of this change.

1) Unix groups with different names but the same group-ID are
       can no longer be used interchangeably.  Sudo will look up all
       of a user's groups by group-ID and use the resulting group
       names when matching sudoers entries.  If there are multiple
       groups with the same ID, the group name returned by the
       system getgrgid() library function is the name that will be
       used when matching sudoers entries.

2) Unix group names specified in the sudoers file that are
       longer than the system maximum will no longer match.  For
       instance, if there is a Unix group "fireflie" on a system
       where group names are limited to eight characters, "%fireflies"
       in sudoers will no longer match "fireflie".  Previously, a
       lookup by name of the group "fireflies" would have matched
       the "fireflie" group on most systems.

The legacy group matching behavior may be restored by enabling
    the match_group_by_gid Defaults option in sudoers available
    in sudo 1.8.18 and higher.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.1:

Changes in the sudoers parser could result in parse errors for
    existing sudoers file.  These changes cause certain erroneous
    entries to be flagged as errors where before they allowed.
    Changes include:

Combining multiple Defaults entries with a backslash.  E.g.

Defaults set_path \
	Defaults syslog

which should be:

Defaults set_path
	Defaults syslog

Also, double-quoted strings with a missing end-quote are now
    detected and result in an error.  Previously, text starting a
    double quote and ending with a newline was ignored.  E.g.

Defaults set_path"foo

In previous versions of sudo, the `"foo' portion would have
    been ignored.

To avoid problems, sudo 1.8.1's "make install" will not install
    a new sudo binary if the existing sudoers file has errors.

In Sudo 1.8.1 the "noexec" functionality has moved out of the
    sudoers policy plugin and into the sudo front-end.  As a result,
    the path to the noexec file is now specified in the sudo.conf
    file instead of the sudoers file.  If you have a sudoers file
    that uses the "noexec_file" option, you will need to move the
    definition to the sudo.conf file instead.

Old style in /etc/sudoers:
	Defaults noexec_file=/usr/local/libexec/sudo_noexec.so

New style in /etc/sudo.conf:
	Path noexec /usr/local/libexec/sudo_noexec.so

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.8.0:

Starting with version 1.8.0, sudo uses a modular framework to
    support policy and I/O logging plugins.  The default policy
    plugin is "sudoers" which provides the traditional sudoers
    evaluation and I/O logging.  Plugins are typically located in
    /usr/libexec or /usr/local/libexec, though this is system-dependent.
    The sudoers plugin is named "sudoers.so" on most systems.

The sudo.conf file, usually stored in /etc, is used to configure
    plugins.  This file is optional--if no plugins are specified
    in sudo.conf, the "sudoers" plugin is used.  See the example
    sudo.conf file in the doc directory or refer to the updated
    sudo manual to see how to configure sudo.conf.

The "askpass" setting has moved from the sudoers file to the
    sudo.conf file.  If you have a sudoers file that uses the
    "askpass" option, you will need to move the definition to the
    sudo.conf file.

Old style in /etc/sudoers:
	Defaults askpass=/usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass

New style in /etc/sudo.conf:
	Path askpass /usr/X11R6/bin/ssh-askpass

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.7.5:

Sudo 1.7.5 includes an updated LDAP schema with support for
    the sudoNotBefore, sudoNotAfter and sudoOrder attributes.

The sudoNotBefore and sudoNotAfter attribute support is only
    used when the SUDOERS_TIMED setting is enabled in ldap.conf.
    If enabled, those attributes are used directly when constructing
    an LDAP filter.  As a result, your LDAP server must have the
    updated schema if you want to use sudoNotBefore and sudoNotAfter.

The sudoOrder support does not affect the LDAP filter sudo
    constructs and so there is no need to explicitly enable it in
    ldap.conf.  If the sudoOrder attribute is not present in an
    entry, a value of 0 is used.  If no entries contain sudoOrder
    attributes, the results are in whatever order the LDAP server
    returns them, as in past versions of sudo.

Older versions of sudo will simply ignore the new attributes
    if they are present in an entry.  There are no compatibility
    problems using the updated schema with older versions of sudo.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.7.4:

Starting with sudo 1.7.4, the time stamp files have moved from
    /var/run/sudo to either /var/db/sudo, /var/lib/sudo or /var/adm/sudo.
    The directories are checked for existence in that order.  This
    prevents users from receiving the sudo lecture every time the
    system reboots.  Time stamp files older than the boot time are
    ignored on systems where it is possible to determine this.

Additionally, the tty_tickets sudoers option is now enabled by
    default.  To restore the old behavior (single time stamp per user),
    add a line like:
	Defaults !tty_tickets
    to sudoers or use the --without-tty-tickets configure option.

The HOME and MAIL environment variables are now reset based on the
    target user's password database entry when the env_reset sudoers option
    is enabled (which is the case in the default configuration).  Users
    wishing to preserve the original values should use a sudoers entry like:
        Defaults env_keep += HOME
    to preserve the old value of HOME and
        Defaults env_keep += MAIL
    to preserve the old value of MAIL.

NOTE: preserving HOME has security implications since many programs
    use it when searching for configuration files.  Adding HOME to env_keep
    may enable a user to run unrestricted commands via sudo.

The default syslog facility has changed from "local2" to "authpriv"
    (or "auth" if the operating system doesn't have "authpriv").
    The --with-logfac configure option can be used to change this
    or it can be changed in the sudoers file.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.7.0:

Starting with sudo 1.7.0, comments in the sudoers file must not
    have a digit or minus sign immediately after the comment character
    ('#').  Otherwise, the comment may be interpreted as a user or
    group-ID.

When sudo is build with LDAP support the /etc/nsswitch.conf file is
    now used to determine the sudoers sea ch order.  sudo will default to
    only using /etc/sudoers unless /etc/nsswitch.conf says otherwise.
    This can be changed with an nsswitch.conf line, e.g.:
        sudoers:        ldap files
    Would case LDAP to be searched first, then the sudoers file.
    To restore the pre-1.7.0 behavior, run configure with the
    --with-nsswitch=no flag.

Sudo now ignores user .ldaprc files as well as system LDAP defaults.
    All LDAP configuration is now in /etc/ldap.conf (or whichever file
    was specified by configure's --with-ldap-conf-file option).
    If you are using TLS, you may now need to specify:
	tls_checkpeer no
    in sudo's ldap.conf unless ldap.conf references a valid certificate
    authority file(s).

Please also see the NEWS file for a list of new features in
    sudo 1.7.0.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.6.9:

Starting with sudo 1.6.9, if an OS supports a modular authentication
    method such as PAM, it will be used by default by configure.

Environment variable handling has changed significantly in sudo
    1.6.9.  Prior to version 1.6.9, sudo would preserve the user's
    environment, pruning out potentially dangerous variables.
    Beginning with sudo 1.6.9, the environment is reset to a default
    set of values with only a small number of "safe" variables
    preserved.  To preserve specific environment variables, add
    them to the "env_keep" list in sudoers.  E.g.

Defaults env_keep += "EDITOR"

The old behavior can be restored by negating the "env_reset"
    option in sudoers.  E.g.

Defaults !env_reset

There have  also been changes to how the "env_keep" and
    "env_check" options behave.

Prior to sudo 1.6.9, the TERM and PATH environment variables
    would always be preserved even if the env_keep option was
    redefined.  That is no longer the case.  Consequently, if
    env_keep is set with "=" and not simply appended to (i.e. using
    "+="), PATH and TERM must be explicitly included in the list
    of environment variables to keep.  The LOGNAME, SHELL, USER,
    and USERNAME environment variables are still always set.

Additionally, the env_check setting previously had no effect
    when env_reset was set (which is now on by default).  Starting
    with sudo 1.6.9, environment variables listed in env_check are
    also preserved in the env_reset case, provided that they do not
    contain a '/' or '%' character.  Note that it is not necessary
    to also list a variable in env_keep--having it in env_check is
    sufficient.

The default lists of variables to be preserved and/or checked
    are displayed when sudo is run by root with the -V flag.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.6.8:

Prior to sudo 1.6.8, if /var/run did not exist, sudo would put
    the time stamp files in /tmp/.odus.  As of sudo 1.6.8, the
    time stamp files will be placed in /var/adm/sudo or /usr/adm/sudo
    if there is no /var/run directory.  This directory will be
    created if it does not already exist.

Previously, a sudoers entry that explicitly prohibited running
    a command as a certain user did not override a previous entry
    allowing the same command.  This has been fixed in sudo 1.6.8
    such that the last match is now used (as it is documented).
    Hopefully no one was depending on the previous (buggy) behavior.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.6:

As of sudo 1.6, parsing of runas entries and the NOPASSWD tag
    has changed.  Prior to 1.6, a runas specifier applied only to
    a single command directly following it.  Likewise, the NOPASSWD
    tag only allowed the command directly following it to be run
    without a password.  Starting with sudo 1.6, both the runas
    specifier and the NOPASSWD tag are "sticky" for an entire
    command list.  So, given the following line in sudo < 1.6

millert ALL=(daemon) NOPASSWD:/usr/bin/whoami,/bin/ls

millert would be able to run /usr/bin/whoami as user daemon
    without a password and /bin/ls as root with a password.

As of sudo 1.6, the same line now means that millert is able
    to run run both /usr/bin/whoami and /bin/ls as user daemon
    without a password.  To expand on this, take the following
    example:

millert ALL=(daemon) NOPASSWD:/usr/bin/whoami, (root) /bin/ls, \
	    /sbin/dump

millert can run /usr/bin/whoami as daemon and /bin/ls and
    /sbin/dump as root.  No password need be given for either
    command.  In other words, the "(root)" sets the default runas
    user to root for the rest of the list.  If we wanted to require
    a password for /bin/ls and /sbin/dump the line could be written
    as:

millert ALL=(daemon) NOPASSWD:/usr/bin/whoami, \
	    (root) PASSWD:/bin/ls, /sbin/dump

Additionally, sudo now uses a per-user time stamp directory
    instead of a time stamp file.  This allows tty time stamps to
    simply be files within the user's time stamp dir.  For the
    default, non-tty case, the time stamp on the directory itself
    is used.

Also, the temporary file used by visudo is now /etc/sudoers.tmp
    since some versions of vipw on systems with shadow passwords use
    /etc/stmp for the temporary shadow file.

o Upgrading from a version prior to 1.5:

By default, sudo expects the sudoers file to be mode 0440 and
    to be owned by user and group 0.  This differs from version 1.4
    and below which expected the sudoers file to be mode 0400 and
    to be owned by root.  Doing a `make install' will set the sudoers
    file to the new mode and group.  If sudo encounters a sudoers
    file with the old permissions it will attempt to update it to
    the new scheme.  You cannot, however, use a sudoers file with
    the new permissions with an old sudo binary.  It is suggested
    that if have a means of distributing sudo you distribute the
    new binaries first, then the new sudoers file (or you can leave
    sudoers as is and sudo will fix the permissions itself as long
    as sudoers is on a local file system).

Name	Type	Size	Owner/Group	Permission	Last Modified	Actions
.	dir	-	root/root	0755	2025-12-23 04:49:01
..	dir	-	root/root	0755	2026-02-06 04:50:38
examples	dir	-	root/root	0755	2025-12-23 04:49:01
CONTRIBUTORS	text/plain	5.02 KB	root/root	0644	2025-12-18 02:01:10
HISTORY	text/plain	2.85 KB	root/root	0644	2025-12-18 02:01:10
NEWS	text/plain	133.53 KB	root/root	0644	2025-12-18 02:01:10
README	text/plain	3.19 KB	root/root	0644	2025-12-18 02:01:10
README.LDAP	text/plain	7.83 KB	root/root	0644	2025-12-18 02:01:10
TROUBLESHOOTING	text/plain	15.07 KB	root/root	0644	2025-12-18 02:01:10
UPGRADE	text/plain	24.21 KB	root/root	0644	2025-12-18 02:01:10
schema.ActiveDirectory	text/plain	7.68 KB	root/root	0644	2025-12-18 02:01:10
schema.OpenLDAP	text/plain	2.45 KB	root/root	0644	2025-12-18 02:01:10
schema.iPlanet	text/plain	2.23 KB	root/root	0644	2025-12-18 02:01:10
schema.olcSudo	text/plain	2.62 KB	root/root	0644	2025-12-18 02:01:10

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